Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence was postulated by

A)Jean Rousseau.
B)Alfred Adler.
C)G.Stanley Hall.
D)Margaret Mead.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term "adolescent generalization gap" refers to

A)differences in decision-making skills between adolescents and older adults.
B)generalizations based on information about a limited group of adolescents.
C)technological skill differences between adolescents and grade school children.
D)differences in social abilities between younger and older adolescents.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mary tells her husband that she is not looking forward to the time their son becomes an adolescent,because she has read that it is a time of great conflict and stress for the family.Which of the following theorists would agree with Mary's view of adolescence?

A)Carl Jung
B)Carol Gilligan
C)Anna Freud
D)G.Stanley Hall

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following historical events changed both the description and the study of adolescents?

A)the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s
B)the feminist movement of the 1970s
C)the anti-war protests of the 1960s
D)the Great Depression of the 1930s

Question 5

Which ability did Aristotle argue is the most important aspect of adolescence?

A)the ability to reason
B)the ability to think critically
C)the ability to debate
D)the ability to choose

Question 6

G.Stanley Hall believed that development is controlled primarily by ________ factors.

A)cultural
B)psychological
C)social
D)biological

Question 7

Plato thought that adolescents should study

A)science.
B)language.
C)music.
D)history.

Question 8

Howard is a manager of a fast-food restaurant that employs many adolescents.Howard tells his wife,"They are all self-centered mopes who have no work ethic!" Howard's statement about adolescents is

A)a prototype.
B)an exaggeration.
C)a stereotype.
D)a sign that he needs counseling.

Question 9

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence sees adolescence as a time of

A)turbulence.
B)conflict.
C)mood swings.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

Rousseau believed that curiosity should be especially encouraged in the education of

A)6- to 8-year-old children.
B)8- to 11-year-old children.
C)12- to 15-year-old children.
D)17- to 19-year-old children.

Question 11

Millennials are more ________ than their counterparts of previous generations.

A)diverse
B)tolerant
C)open-minded
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 12

What did Aristotle see as the hallmark of maturity?

A)self-determination
B)empathy
C)self-efficacy
D)critical thinking

Question 13

Plato thought children should study

A)science.
B)music.
C)art.
D)mathematics.

Question 14

Anthropologist Margaret Mead concluded that the basic nature of adolescence is

A)biological.
B)psychological.
C)sociocultural.
D)cognitive.

Question 15

Which of the following statements regarding Laurence Steinberg's position on the state of adolescent well-being in today's generation is NOT TRUE?

A)The academic achievement in math and science among U.S.teens falls well below the academic achievement of teens in many other countries.
B)Almost one-third of today's teenage girls become pregnant by the age of 20.
C)Rates of first sexual intercourse prior to age 18 has risen dramatically over the past several years.
D)College graduation rates among U.S.college students falls below the college graduation rates among college students in other countries.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true?

A)There are very few stereotypes related to adolescents.
B)Stereotypes are difficult to give up once assigned.
C)Stereotypes are generalizations about a broad category of people.
D)Stereotypes describe a typical member of a specific group.

Question 17

Mead believed that cultures in which adolescents' experiences are quite different from adults' experiences produce adolescents who

A)experience more stress.
B)experience less stress.
C)develop empathy at early ages.
D)develop empathy later in life.

Question 18

Ms.Bowen encourages her students,ages 12-15,to engage their curiosity in their learning.This teacher's ideas most closely resemble those of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Aristotle.
C)Hall.
D)Rousseau.

Question 19

Every state had developed special laws for youth between the ages of 16 and 18-20 by which year?

A)1920
B)1930
C)1940
D)1950

Question 20

According to Plato,reasoning first appears during

A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)young adulthood.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about adolescent health and well-being is TRUE?

A)Adolescent health and well-being have improved in all areas.
B)More adolescents around the world die of malnutrition today than at any time in the past.
C)More adolescents around the world die of infectious diseases today than at any time in the past.
D)Extensive increases in the rates of HIV in adolescents have occurred in many sub-Saharan countries.

Question 22

A key task of adolescence is

A)refining sensorimotor coordination.
B)development of an understanding of one's culture.
C)mastery of language skills.
D)preparation for adulthood.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world?

A)migration to rural areas
B)smaller families
C)increase in mothers' employment
D)greater family mobility

Question 24

In the United States and most other cultures,adolescence begins at approximately ________ years of age.

A)9-12
B)11-14
C)10-13
D)12-15

Question 25

The settings in which development occurs are known as

A)arenas.
B)compounds.
C)cohorts.
D)context.

Question 26

Daniel Offer and his colleagues discovered that most adolescents have

A)a negative self-image.
B)negative attitudes towards their schools.
C)a positive self-image.
D)an ambiguous self-image.

Question 27

Julie,age 15,has dyed her hair purple and will only wear black jeans and white tops.Julie's parents should know that,according to adolescent psychologists

A)Julie is showing signs of a conduct disorder.
B)Julie needs counseling for her hostility issues.
C)Julie is testing boundaries and discovering her identity.
D)Julie needs more parental control over her behavior.

Question 28

Research has shown that children living in poverty have elevated levels of

A)blood glucose.
B)stress.
C)anger.
D)growth hormones.

Question 29

Which process of human development includes the hormonal changes of puberty?

A)socioemotional
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)psychological

Question 30

The developmental period of childhood includes all of the following periods EXCEPT

A)prenatal.
B)perinatal.
C)infancy.
D)early childhood.

Question 31

Development

A)involves growth.
B)is complex.
C)continues through the lifespan.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 32

Which of the following factors influence the developmental trajectory of every adolescent?

A)socioeconomic
B)ethnic
C)lifestyle
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 33

Alex has begun dating and he is interested in taking a course called "Career Exploration" that will help him decide on a future career.Alex is probably in which period?

A)early adolescence
B)late adolescence
C)late childhood
D)early adulthood

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a biological process?

A)advances in motor skills
B)development of the brain
C)weight gains
D)changes in personality

Question 35

The developmental period when people are interested in transmitting their values to the next generation is

A)emerging adulthood.
B)middle adulthood.
C)late adulthood.
D)early adulthood.

Question 36

Sherry's community college has partnerships with the local hospital,the library,and the Boys' and Girls' Club to encourage students to engage in cooperative learning experiences and build strong community relationships.This is an example of what Peter Benson and his colleagues would call a

A)developmentally attentive youth policy.
B)community-enhancing initiative.
C)cross-generational policy.
D)socially enhancing planned model.

Question 37

Which of the following is associated with the developmental period of early childhood?

A)beginning of symbolic thought
B)school readiness
C)extreme dependence on adults
D)beginning of sensorimotor skills

Question 38

What do studies show about gender differences?

A)In many countries,males have less freedom than females to engage in leisure activities.
B)Except in a few areas,males have greater access to educational opportunities than females.
C)Gender differences are similar in all countries.
D)In some parts of the world,control over adolescent girls' sexual relationships is increasing.

Question 39

The fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents in the United States is

A)non-Latino Whites.
B)Asian Americans.
C)Latinos.
D)African Americans.

Question 40

Which of the following is true about adolescents' peers?

A)Peers figure prominently in the lives of adolescents in most Western nations.
B)Peers can serve as surrogate families for some street youth.
C)Peers have a limited role for girls in Arab cultures.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 41

Jeffrey Arnett saw emerging adulthood as a time when many individuals are

A)secure in their adult status.
B)absorbed in social obligations and family duties.
C)optimistic about their futures.
D)fairly stable in love and career.

Question 42

Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of experience describe development as

A)a series of distinct stages.
B)a gradual,continuous process.
C)chaotic and unpredictable.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 43

Ann Masten and her colleagues found that emerging adults who overcame adversity and went on to become competent adults had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A)they were well-traveled.
B)they were intelligent.
C)they had high-quality parenting.
D)they had a higher socioeconomic status.

Question 44

Psychoanalytic theories emphasize that development is all of the following EXCEPT

A)primarily related to observable behavior.
B)primarily unconscious.
C)shaped by early experiences with parents.
D)heavily colored by emotions.

Question 45

Paul spends much of his time working in his garden and reading books on photography.He doesn't have as much strength as he used to have,but he is enjoying his time of decreased responsibility.Developmental psychologists would say that Paul is probably in

A)emerging old age.
B)middle adulthood.
C)late adulthood.
D)terminal adulthood.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

A)conceptualize a problem to be studied
B)collect data
C)analyze data
D)publish study results

Question 47

An interrelated,coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomenon and to make predictions is called

A)a hypothesis.
B)an operational definition.
C)a theory.
D)an independent variable.

Question 48

Carrie was abused by her parents.She was eventually removed from their care and was later adopted at age 6 by her foster parents.Which of the following doctrines would assert that Carrie's later quality of parental care can overcome her earlier negative experience?

A)early-experience
B)later-experience
C)middle-experience
D)positive-experience

Question 49

Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of nature describe development as

A)a series of distinct stages.
B)a gradual,continuous process.
C)alternating periods of turbulence and calm.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 50

In the United States the most widely recognized marker for entry into adulthood is

A)graduation from high school.
B)graduation from college.
C)holding a permanent,full-time job.
D)getting married.

Question 51

According to Jeffrey Arnett,emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors.Which of the following is NOT one of these features?

A)stability
B)identity exploration
C)feeling in-between
D)self-focused

Question 52

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as

A)pre-adulthood.
B)post-adolescence.
C)transitional adulthood.
D)emerging adulthood.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A)phallic
B)genital
C)oral
D)moral

Question 54

The ability to adapt positively and achieve successful outcomes despite significant risks and adverse consequences is

A)hardiness.
B)resilience.
C)self-efficacy.
D)propriate striving.

Question 55

The pioneering architect of psychoanalytical theory was

A)Carl Jung.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)Karen Horney.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 56

Dr.Jackson argues that human beings have basic growth tendencies genetically wired into them.Dr.Albright believes that humans are basically shaped by their environments.Dr.Jackson supports the ________ approach to development,while Dr.Albright advocates for the ________ approach.

A)nurture; nature
B)nature; nurture
C)continuity; discontinuity
D)cognitive; biological

Question 57

The transition from childhood to adolescence includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)biological changes of puberty.
B)more abstract ways of thinking.
C)desire to spend more time with family.
D)greater interest in romantic relationships.

Question 58

Which of the following would a proponent of the nature approach to human development cite as evidence of the strength of genetics?

A)the fact that we grow rapidly in infancy
B)the fact that development is affected by nutritional status
C)the fact that development is shaped by the media
D)the fact that access to medical care affects development

Question 59

Which of the following events may be seen as a turning-point opportunity for changing the life course during emerging adulthood?

A)marriage
B)work opportunities
C)higher education
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 60

Specific assertions and predictions that can be tested are

A)theories.
B)hypotheses.
C)independent variables.
D)extraneous variables.

Question 61

Erikson believed that we develop in ________ stages.

A)psychosocial
B)psychosexual
C)psychodynamic
D)psychometric

Question 62

According to Freud,________ is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism.

A)reaction formation
B)denial
C)regression
D)repression

Question 63

Caleb,age 3,is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 64

Harper,age 19 months,has just begun to assert her independence.Harper is probably in Erikson's psychosocial stage of

A)identity versus identity confusion.
B)trust versus mistrust.
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about Piaget's concrete operational stage is TRUE?

A)It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.
B)It encompasses the ability to think in an abstract manner.
C)It lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.
D)Children can perform operations that involve developing hypotheses.

Question 66

For Piaget,the two processes that underlie cognitive construction of the world are

A)denial and distortion.
B)internalizing and externalizing.
C)organization and adaptation.
D)ordering and differentiating.

Question 67

Cognitive theories emphasize

A)behaviors.
B)emotions.
C)conscious thoughts.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 68

Which of the following operations is emphasized by information-processing theorists?

A)encoding information
B)storing information
C)retrieving information
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 69

Vygotsky emphasized the role of ________ in cognitive development.

A)culture
B)social interaction
C)learning to use the inventions of society
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 70

Which of the following is a structure in Freud's concept of personality?

A)the collective unconscious
B)the id
C)the self
D)the personal unconscious

Question 71

According to Erikson,the core developmental task of early adulthood is to develop

A)intimacy.
B)integrity.
C)identity.
D)initiative.

Question 72

Edith,age 57,believes that she has done little to help nurture the next generation.According to Erikson,Edith has experienced ________ associated with the seventh stage of psychosocial development.

A)inferiority
B)role confusion
C)selfishness
D)stagnation

Question 73

Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is NOT true?

A)Piaget believed that people go through six stages in understanding the world.
B)Piaget believed that people go through four stages in understanding the world.
C)Each of Piaget's stages is age related.
D)Each of Piaget's stages represents a different way of understanding the world.

Question 74

Which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is TRUE?

A)Defense mechanisms are always unhealthy.
B)Defense mechanisms are unconscious.
C)Defense mechanisms are conscious.
D)Defense mechanisms are always helpful in avoiding reality.

Question 75

Erikson's ________ psychosocial stage is experienced in the first year of life.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)generativity versus stagnation
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 76

According to Erikson,adolescents are in the psychosocial stage of

A)intimacy versus isolation.
B)identity versus identity confusion.
C)initiative versus guilt.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 77

According to Freud,the moral branch of the personality is the

A)ego.
B)id.
C)superego.
D)self.

Question 78

The negative outcome of Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is

A)mistrust.
B)shame.
C)doubt.
D)inferiority.

Question 79

Denise argues that early experiences are more important; Barbara believes that both early and later experiences are important.Denise's view is consistent with ________,while Barbara's view would be supported by ________.

A)Skinner; Erikson
B)Erikson; Freud
C)Freud; Erikson
D)Erikson; Skinner

Question 80

Jenn has just begun to think abstractly and develop images of ideal circumstances.According to Piaget,Jenn is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)post-formal operational