Deck 5: Developing Through the Life Span

Question 1

The _____ perspective highlights the kinship that results from our shared human nature.

A) evolutionary
B) cultural
C) normative
D) diversity

Answer 1

evolutionary

Question 2

Your family is anticipating the arrival of an exchange student from Latin America. Being a student of social psychology, you are aware that the student's preference for personal space will likely

A) be greater than your family's.
B) be less than your family's.
C) be the same as your family's.
D) depend on the situation.

Answer 2

be less than your family's.

Question 3

Human kinship is to the _____ perspective as human diversity is to the _____ perspective.

A) evolutionary; cultural
B) cognitive; psychoanalytical
C) humanistic; cultural
D) biological; humanistic

Answer 3

evolutionary; cultural

Question 4

Given the logic of evolutionary psychology, we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _____ foods.

A) sweet and salt flavored
B) bitter and sour
C) nutritious and energy-providing
D) vegetarian

Question 5

Norms _____ "proper" behavior.

A) reward
B) prescribe
C) change
D) are the result of

Question 6

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity

A) for self-destruction.
B) for altruism.
C) to dominate other species.
D) to learn and adapt.

Question 7

Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life, yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language, so she would understand the Greek way of life. What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her?

A) a belief
B) a norm
C) a culture
D) a value

Question 8

Punctuality is one of the _____ of North American businesspeople.

A) attitudes
B) norms
C) schemes
D) dimensions

Question 9

According to anthropologists, which of the following is NOT true?

A) We are more alike than we are different.
B) We prefer living with others to living alone.
C) We are more different than we are alike.
D) We are social beings.

Question 10

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan?

A) Americans were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
B) Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C) Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D) Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 11

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called

A) beliefs.
B) norms.
C) cultures.
D) values.

Question 12

As an exchange student, you notice that standards of beauty are much different in the country you are visiting. Billboards and advertisements display women that are not as thin as in the United States. You conclude that this difference in standards of beauty is the result of different

A) norms.
B) languages.
C) climates.
D) cultures.

Question 13

Evolutionary psychologists study

A) physical traits.
B) psychological traits.
C) both physical and psychological traits.
D) neither physical nor psychological traits.

Question 14

Those living _____ prefer more personal space than those living _____.

A) closer to the equator; farther away from the equator
B) in Central America; in Iceland
C) in Latin America; in North America
D) farther away from the equator; closer to the equator

Question 15

According to Baumeister, a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is

A) genetic diversity.
B) the division of labor.
C) evolution.
D) genetic similarity.

Question 16

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies is called our

A) self-zone.
B) personal space.
C) private zone.
D) own distance.

Question 17

In the context of norms, most Americans maintain a personal space between themselves and strangers of approximately

A) 4 feet or less.
B) 4 feet or more.
C) 2 feet or less.
D) 2 feet or more.

Question 18

Which statement about norms is FALSE?

A) Norms make social interactions run more smoothly.
B) Norms for expressiveness varies among cultures.
C) Norms control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence.
D) Norms are not affected by culture.

Question 19

Rules for accepted and expected social behavior are called

A) values.
B) norms.
C) attitudes.
D) ethics.

Question 20

Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behavior. This best illustrates the influence of a

A) norm.
B) schema.
C) role.
D) stereotype.

Question 21

When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to

A) flee.
B) fight.
C) befriend.
D) collapse.

Question 22

Forms of address, such as the distinction between formal and informal varieties of "you," communicate not only social distance, but also

A) social complexity.
B) social status.
C) personal space.
D) fate control.

Question 23

According to research on gender differences, which statement is NOT true?

A) Women are more skilled at expressing emotions nonverbally.
B) Women smile more than men.
C) Women describe themselves as having more empathy than men.
D) Women are more vulnerable to autism.

Question 24

Research has found that _____ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.

A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women

Question 25

Being a student of social psychology, you can predict with reasonable accuracy that _____ are more likely to contribute to charitable organizations.

A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women

Question 26

Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant, Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James. James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated

A) his social role.
B) his personal space.
C) Brown's universal norm.
D) the personal rights taboo.

Question 27

According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004), those people who espouse _____ express lower life satisfaction and favor assertive influence tactics and right-wing politics.

A) justice
B) social complexity
C) reward for application
D) cynicism

Question 28

In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, is referred to as

A) sex.
B) gender.
C) orientation.
D) culture.

Question 29

Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five?

A) justice
B) social complexity
C) reward for application
D) cynicism

Question 30

When men and women want empathy and understanding, they are most likely to turn to a

A) spouse.
B) woman.
C) man.
D) coworker.

Question 31

In the context of independence versus connectedness, _____ are more likely to describe themselves as having empathy.

A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women

Question 32

Pratto and colleagues (1997) reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities, such as a prosecuting attorney.

A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women

Question 33

_____ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates.

A) The young
B) The elderly
C) Men
D) Women

Question 34

In the context of evolutionary psychology, identify a true statement about the similarities between males and females.

A) Both sexes are generally aggressive in nature.
B) Both sexes have an inclination toward dominance.
C) Both sexes have similar taste preferences.
D) Both sexes seek to reproduce wisely.

Question 35

According to Brown (1987), in general, who is more likely to initiate intimacy?

A) the higher-status person
B) the lower-status person
C) the male
D) the female

Question 36

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is

A) reactance.
B) altruism.
C) sympathy.
D) empathy.

Question 37

The best-known universal norm is the taboo against

A) cannibalism.
B) incest.
C) female genital mutilation.
D) public nudity.

Question 38

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan?

A) Americans were more likely to look at someone who looked at them.
B) Japanese were more likely to greet the research confederate who greeted them.
C) Both Japanese and Americans did not smile back when the confederates smiled at them.
D) Both Japanese and Americans failed to respond to the confederates.

Question 39

Pratto and her colleagues (1997) reported that _____ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities, such as a public defender.

A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women

Question 40

In the context of friendship, which of the following is FALSE regarding men and women?

A) Women's telephone conversations last longer than men's.
B) Men send more text messages than women.
C) Women send more emotion expressing emails than men.
D) Women spend more time on social networks than men.

Question 41

In the context of gender and mating preferences, which of the following is desired by both men and women in their relationships?

A) youth
B) beauty
C) kindness and love
D) resources and protection

Question 42

A person who is both _____ would be considered androgynous.

A) assertive and nurturing
B) intelligent and athletic
C) moral and competent
D) good and evil

Question 43

During a conversation, men are more likely than women to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) talk assertively.
B) interrupt intrusively.
C) stare more.
D) smile more.

Question 44

Much of the conversational style we attribute to men is

A) based on genetics.
B) viewed as submissive in nature.
C) typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.
D) typical of people in lower status and power.

Question 45

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to display their "abs and assets" as an example of their striving to offer what women desire, which is

A) charm.
B) generosity.
C) a sensitive and emotional nature.
D) external resources and physical protection.

Question 46

According to Schmitt (2005), an international survey indicated that more _____ than _____ desire unrestricted sex.

A) women; men
B) men; women
C) lesbian women; gay men
D) older men; younger men

Question 47

As people mature to middle age and beyond,

A) gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.
B) gender differences in interpersonal behavior increase.
C) androgyny in men decreases.
D) androgyny in women decreases.

Question 48

Women's wages in industrial nations are _____ percent of men's.

A) 80 -100
B) 70 - 90
C) 50 - 70
D) 30 - 50

Question 49

Research on the differences in men and women show all EXCEPT

A) men take more risks.
B) women place more priority on winning.
C) women excel more in the relational leadership.
D) men tend to be more directive and task-focused.

Question 50

Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that

A) testosterone levels influence animal aggression but not human aggression.
B) gender difference in aggression appears early in life and wanes as testosterone levels decline during adulthood.
C) gender differences in aggression are clearly unrelated to hormonal differences.
D) administering testosterone reduces aggression in most animals.

Question 51

Which is NOT a worldwide gender difference found by research?

A) aggressiveness
B) dominance
C) sexuality
D) ageism

Question 52

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to be attracted to woman's physical features of youth and health because of

A) norms.
B) roles.
C) cultural support.
D) reproductive fitness.

Question 53

In the context of gender and mating preferences, women of all ages tend to prefer men _____ themselves.

A) slightly older than
B) slightly younger than
C) the same age as
D) less dominant than

Question 54

Pat has qualities like assertiveness, a traditionally masculine trait, as well as nurturance, a quality associated with traditional femininity. Pat could be described as

A) gender-ambivalent.
B) role-conflicted.
C) androgynous.
D) gender-diffused.

Question 55

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology about aggressiveness, you can reasonably predict a(n) _____ committed the murder.

A) man
B) woman
C) introvert
D) extrovert

Question 56

A Gallup survey reports that only _____ percent of adults believe that evolution accounts for "how human beings came to exist on Earth."

A) 10
B) 50
C) 82
D) 95

Question 57

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because

A) males outnumber females.
B) each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.
C) males and females are socialized differently.
D) of differences in brain chemistry.

Question 58

Higher than normal levels of testosterone have been found in

A) violent male criminals.
B) male lawyers.
C) gay men.
D) married men.

Question 59

In the context of aggression, identify a true statement.

A) Women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts.
B) In surveys, women admit to more aggression than do men.
C) In laboratory experiments, women exhibit more physical aggression.
D) Within less assaultive forms of aggression, women are less aggressive than men.

Question 60

In physiological and subjective responses to sexual stimuli,

A) men are more aroused than women.
B) women are more aroused than men.
C) men and women are more different than similar.
D) men and women are more similar than different.

Question 61

Harris (1996) argued that 40 to 50 percent of the personality differences between siblings can be explained by

A) the sex of the child.
B) parental influence.
C) peer influence.
D) sibling rivalry.

Question 62

In a 2010 survey, _____ believed that men have more rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce.

A) the majority of people from individualistic and collectivist cultures
B) the majority of people from collectivist cultures
C) the majority of people from individualistic cultures
D) the majority of men from individualistic and collectivist cultures

Question 63

Which of the following statements about gender roles is true?

A) Gender roles are the sole result of genetics.
B) Gender roles are the sole result of learning.
C) Gender roles vary by climate.
D) Gender roles vary by culture.

Question 64

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

A) hindsight biases.
B) unethical treatment of human participants.
C) the use of unrepresentative samples.
D) functional fixedness.

Question 65

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between biology and culture?

A) competition
B) interaction
C) interpolation
D) reciprocation

Question 66

Harris (1996) suggested that if children were left with their same schools, neighborhoods, and peers, but their parents were switched, the children would develop into the same sort of adults. This conclusion reflects the power of

A) parents.
B) siblings.
C) peers.
D) teachers.

Question 67

As men and women perform more similar roles, their psychological differences

A) shrink.
B) magnify.
C) stay the same.
D) are unknown.

Question 68

In the mid-1960s, married women in the United States devoted seven times as many hours to housework as did their husbands. By 2013, the gender gap had shrunk, yet persisted. This pattern reflects how gender roles

A) are learned.
B) are biologically determined.
C) vary by culture.
D) vary over time.

Question 69

The evidence from studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings indicates that shared environmental influences explain approximately _____ percent of individual variations in personality traits.

A) 0 to 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 50

Question 70

Your mother has commented on how little time your older sister, who recently married, spends on housework, as compared to what she herself used to spend when she was a newlywed. Your mother's comment reflects how gender roles

A) are learned.
B) are biologically determined.
C) vary by culture.
D) vary over time.

Question 71

The evidence from studies of twins and biological and adoptive siblings indicates that genetic influences explain approximately _____ percent of individual variations in personality traits.

A) 0 to 10
B) 15
C) 25
D) 50

Question 72

A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates. This height norm is cited as evidence that

A) relationship behavior is influenced more by biology than culture.
B) gender roles are essentially cultural and thus completely arbitrary.
C) what is biologically "fit" may be culturally disastrous.
D) biology and culture interact to develop norms.

Question 73

One dramatic finding from developmental psychology (Plomin & Daniels, 1987) is that two children in the same family are, on average,

A) as different from one another as two children selected at random.
B) more likely to share the same general personality characteristics than two children selected at random.
C) completely uninfluenced by their genetic heritage.
D) likely to share the same IQ.

Question 74

Eagly and Wood (2007) theorized that in adult life, the immediate causes of gender differences in social behavior are

A) the roles that reflect a sexual division of labor.
B) biologically based differences in power and aggressiveness.
C) learned habits reinforced by social rewards like affection.
D) rules and laws that legislate and maintain the status quo.

Question 75

The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that

A) women are more caring and care-giving than men.
B) women are expected to be more caring and care-giving than men.
C) the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become.
D) the way parents bring up their children has very little to do with who their children become.

Question 76

What can we conclude about the relationship between persons and situations?

A) Individuals vary in how they interpret and react to a given situation.
B) People choose many of the situations that influence them.
C) People often create their social situations.
D) All of the above

Question 77

As women's employment in formerly male occupations has increased, the gender difference in self-reported masculinity has

A) increased.
B) decreased.
C) remained the same.
D) remained unknown.

Question 78

A set of behavioral expectations for males and females defines gender

A) type.
B) role.
C) identity.
D) position.

Question 79

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion regarding the relationship between social control and personal control?

A) Social and personal explanations are both invalid.
B) Power resides in persons, not in situations.
C) Social situations and individuals interact.
D) Individuals have no influence on social situations.

Question 80

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they

A) underestimate the role of genetic factors.
B) fail to account for the reality of cultural diversity.
C) deny the role of hormonal factors.
D) rely too heavily on the experimental method in testing hypotheses.