Deck 9: Thinking and Language

Question 1

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics and Asians from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects

A) racism.
B) scapegoating.
C) disablism.
D) linguicism.

Answer 1

racism.

Question 2

Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _____. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _____.

A) a prejudice; stigma
B) discrimination; prejudice
C) a stereotype; discrimination
D) racism; prejudice

Answer 2

a stereotype; discrimination

Question 3

Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _____, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called_____.

A) gender-role norms; gender stereotypes
B) gender stereotypes; gender-role norms
C) gender preferences; gender roles
D) sexist attitudes; sexist stereotypes

Answer 3

gender-role norms; gender stereotypes

Question 4

Prejudice is different from discrimination in that, prejudice is a negative

A) behavior.
B) conduct.
C) attitude.
D) demeanor.

Question 5

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

A) speculation.
B) disposition.
C) stigma.
D) prejudice.

Question 6

Since the Iraq war, Americans have developed negative views of

A) Arab immigrants.
B) Turks.
C) Orthodox Christians.
D) Jews.

Question 7

Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is an example of

A) discrimination.
B) a stereotype.
C) a behavioral tendency.
D) groupthink.

Question 8

According to survey research conducted in the U.S., racial prejudice toward African Americans

A) is worse than ever today.
B) has decreased since the early 1940s.
C) has actually increased since the early 1980s.
D) decreased from 1940 to 1960, then stabilized until 1980, and has since increased rapidly.

Question 9

In an all-White business, an institutional practice of hiring potential White candidates and excluding all or any non-White candidates for employment would be termed as

A) racism.
B) feminism.
C) misogyny.
D) linguicism.

Question 10

Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT

A) affects.
B) inclinations to act.
C) cognitions.
D) behaviors.

Question 11

_____ is a negative attitude; _____ is a negative behavior.

A) Discrimination; racism
B) Racism; stereotyping
C) Discrimination; prejudice
D) Prejudice; discrimination

Question 12

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

A) affect.
B) behavioral tendency.
C) illusion.
D) stereotype.

Question 13

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were

A) White.
B) Black.
C) male.
D) female.

Question 14

People who are overweight

A) face less discrimination than minority racial groups.
B) face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.
C) are perceived as happy and content.
D) marry more often and make more money.

Question 15

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call

A) overt discrimination.
B) homophobia.
C) modern racism.
D) jingoism.

Question 16

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

A) are more widespread than formerly believed.
B) remain extremely high for females and extremely low for males.
C) are higher among males than females.
D) can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

Question 17

In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children

A) chose the Black dolls.
B) chose the White dolls.
C) refused to choose between them.
D) used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.

Question 18

Identify a region in the brain that underlies fear and aggression and is primarily involved in automatic responding.

A) inferior frontal gyrus
B) superior frontal gyrus
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Question 19

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called

A) sexism.
B) sadism.
C) racism.
D) linguicism.

Question 20

Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black. This shows that

A) to show prejudice people must be aware of their attitudes.
B) automatic, implicit prejudice exists.
C) people are not prejudiced.
D) prejudice is neither implicit nor explicit.

Question 21

A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called

A) misogyny.
B) egalitarianism.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) groupthink.

Question 22

Around the world, people tend to prefer

A) baby boys, except in the U.S. where girls are preferred.
B) baby boys.
C) baby girls, except in China where boys are preferred.
D) baby girls.

Question 23

Which of the following statement is FALSE about gender stereotypes?

A) Strong gender stereotypes exist.
B) Members of a stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
C) Worldwide, women are perceived as more agreeable.
D) Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.

Question 24

A motivation to have one's group be high in status and on the top over other social groups is what social psychologists call

A) egalitarianism.
B) social comparison.
C) groupthink.
D) social dominance orientation.

Question 25

Averaging data from 27 countries, John Williams and his colleagues (19990) found that people everywhere perceive women as more _____ and men as more _____.

A) agreeable; outgoing
B) outgoing; agreeable
C) intelligent; emotional
D) emotional; intelligent

Question 26

Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that people of her group and descent are superior to all others. She could accurately be described as being

A) homophobic.
B) affiliative.
C) ethnocentric.
D) introspective.

Question 27

People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _____ hierarchies and oppose policies that _____ hierarchies.

A) compromise; threaten
B) threaten; compromise
C) maintain; undermine
D) undermine; maintain

Question 28

A review of research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests

A) that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably.
B) that most people like women more than men.
C) that women are more intelligent than men.
D) that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.

Question 29

A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that, White church members show _____ than nonmembers.

A) more racial prejudice
B) less racial prejudice
C) more sexism but less racism
D) more conformity but less authoritarianism

Question 30

In the context of sexism, most Americans agree that

A) the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family.
B) they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood.
C) the two sexes are equally emotional.
D) they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.

Question 31

Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that_____ breeds prejudice.

A) frustration
B) unequal status
C) conformity
D) linguicism

Question 32

We tend to _____ the competence of those in high-status positions and _____ those who agreeably accept a lower-status position.

A) like; respect
B) devalue; admire
C) respect; like
D) admire; ignore

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about religion and racial prejudice?

A) Faithful church attenders are more prejudiced than occasional attenders.
B) Those who scored highest on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index were less accepting of a person of another race moving in next door.
C) Those for whom religion is an intrinsic end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means to an end.
D) All of the above

Question 34

People high in social dominance orientation are most likely to

A) support social work.
B) avoid expressing negative attitudes toward minority groups.
C) prefer professions such as politics and business.
D) indulge less in prejudiced behavior

Question 35

Identify the true statement about gay-lesbian prejudice.

A) The prejudice regarding gays and lesbian across all the cultures is the same and consistent.
B) In Western Countries, support for gay marriages has soared over the past two decades.
C) In the U.S., communities where anti-gay prejudice is commonplace are communities with the lowest rates of gay-lesbian suicide.
D) Over time the prejudice against gays and lesbian gets worse.

Question 36

Jackman and Senter (1981) found that both men and women think that women are more "emotional" than men. This study particularly shows that

A) gender stereotypes are not as strong as racial stereotypes.
B) members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
C) stereotypes persist across time and culture.
D) weak gender stereotypes exists in all cultures.

Question 37

Miguel is high in social dominance. Which of the following majors is he UNLIKELY to choose in college?

A) business
B) politics
C) social work
D) law

Question 38

Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of

A) an overt prejudice.
B) a favorable stereotype.
C) hostile sexism.
D) antagonistic sexism.

Question 39

Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____.

A) descriptive; prescriptive
B) prescriptive; descriptive
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

A) "Women have a superior moral sensibility."
B) "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash."
C) "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men."
D) "On the whole, women make bad political leaders than men."

Question 41

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n)

A) ingroup.
B) outgroup.
C) intragroup.
D) personal group.

Question 42

In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n)

A) ingroup.
B) outgroup.
C) control group.
D) intragroup.

Question 43

What happens when people's personal and social identities become fused?

A) People start fighting within the group.
B) Boundaries between self and group increases.
C) People become more willing to die for their group.
D) Violation of group norms increases.

Question 44

In the context of social identity, according to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang affiliations, which is their way of

A) justifying their racial discrimination.
B) justifying their religious discrimination.
C) establishing social dominance.
D) seeking self-esteem.

Question 45

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

A) when groups share a common goal.
B) when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C) between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D) when groups compete for scarce resources.

Question 46

Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem

A) more physically attractive.
B) less powerful.
C) younger.
D) more intelligent and ambitious.

Question 47

Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who _____ were also most prejudiced.

A) had the most education
B) conformed most to other social norms
C) were the most disadvantaged
D) had the greatest amount of social power

Question 48

Gordon Allport has concluded that "The role of _____ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

A) power
B) religion
C) self-esteem
D) education

Question 49

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in

A) schools.
B) government.
C) the media.
D) all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE?

A) A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position.
B) Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice.
C) Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice.
D) Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.

Question 51

More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by

A) chauvinism.
B) the just-world hypothesis.
C) displaced aggression.
D) antisemitism.

Question 52

In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to

A) emphasize the face.
B) emphasize the body.
C) include the situational context.
D) display a standing posture.

Question 53

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior?

A) chauvinism
B) just-world action
C) displaced aggression
D) xenophobia

Question 54

In the context of religion and racial prejudice, a consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is assessed,

A) the less devout are less prejudiced.
B) commitment bears no relation to prejudice.
C) the very devout are less prejudiced.
D) the very devout are the most prejudiced.

Question 55

When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as

A) chavinism.
B) displaced aggression.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) desegregatation.

Question 56

A tendency to favor one's group is called

A) intergroup bias.
B) ingroup bias.
C) outgroup bias.
D) groupthink bias.

Question 57

According to studies done by Hoffman (1977), children of _____ have less stereotyped views of men and women.

A) authoritarian parents
B) employed women
C) devoutly religious parents
D) stay-at-home mothers

Question 58

Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to the downsizing of the company. Later that day when she gets home, she is critical of her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior?

A) chauvinism
B) just-world action
C) displaced aggression
D) authoritarian regression

Question 59

In the context of the realistic group conflict theory, in evolutionary biology, Gause's law states that maximum competition will exist between species with

A) identical needs.
B) abundant resources.
C) multiple leaders.
D) differing values.

Question 60

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call

A) our self-realization.
B) our social identity.
C) an impact group.
D) a social stigma.

Question 61

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the

A) anti-racism effect.
B) looking-glass self.
C) cross-race effect.
D) faceism effect.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true about categorization?

A) Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.
B) Categorization, by itself, is considered prejudice.
C) Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D) Categorization always leads to discrimination.

Question 63

What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?

A) People with high self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
B) In Europe, prejudice is greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened.
C) There is no connection found between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice.
D) People whose status is secure express more prejudice to feel superior.

Question 64

People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called

A) defensive pessimism.
B) suspension of judgment.
C) stigma consciousness.
D) stereotype threat.

Question 65

Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) an ingroup bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) an outgroup bias.

Question 66

Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as

A) defensive pessimism.
B) the just-world bias.
C) intragroup discrimination.
D) group-serving bias.

Question 67

Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of their general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific isolated act, reflects

A) overgeneralization bias.
B) groupthink bias.
C) defensive pessimism.
D) group-serving bias.

Question 68

Identify a true statement about distinctive events and illusory correlations.

A) People predominantly lack sensitivity to distinctive events.
B) Co- of two distinctive events is barely noticeable.
C) Under illusory correlation, co-occurrence of two unusual events is less noticeable than each of the times the unusual events do not occur together.
D) Attention to unusual events creates illusory correlations.

Question 69

We are more prone to ingroup bias when our group is _____ and _____ relative to the outgroup.

A) large; differs in status
B) large; same in status
C) small; differs in status
D) small; same in status

Question 70

Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that

A) preexisting stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.
B) vivid information is irrelevant to occupational stereotypes.
C) positive information is better remembered if it describes doctors.
D) distinctive information is ignored when forming impressions.

Question 71

You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. This is an example of

A) impact bias.
B) looking-glass self.
C) own-race bias.
D) distinctive case.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is FALSE about similarities and differences between groups?

A) The greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity.
B) The less our familiarity with a social group, the more we stereotype.
C) We are likely to exaggerate the similarities within a group we are not a part of.
D) We are likely to assume that other groups are less homogeneous than our own.

Question 73

The phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflects

A) an intragroup bias.
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) an illusion of transparency.

Question 74

Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to describe her to new office employees as a

A) snake owner.
B) dog owner.
C) senior executive.
D) co-worker.

Question 75

In the context of distinctiveness, Crocker and McGraw (1984) found that a Black in an otherwise White group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seem

A) less prominent than the others in the group.
B) less influential.
C) insignificant to the group.
D) more prominent and influential.

Question 76

Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias?

A) Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low motivation.
B) Sue believes that members of her own family are prejudiced, while her husband's family is tolerant.
C) Chuck believes that mistakes made by both men and women are due to low intelligence.
D) Bill believes that groups outperform individuals when solving problems.

Question 77

Your new roommate is from Ireland and is a skydiver and a tennis player. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as

A) a tennis player.
B) a skydiver.
C) Irish.
D) your roommate.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is NOT true about motivational sources of prejudice?

A) Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also lead people to avoid prejudice.
B) Researchers who study stereotyping contend that prejudicial reactions are not inevitable.
C) Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal.
D) The motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions.

Question 79

Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described homosexual male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested." The resulting prejudice that homosexual males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

A) an illusory correlation.
B) benevolent sexism.
C) the false uniqueness effect.
D) chauvinism.

Question 80

The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual

A) self-realization.
B) spirituality.
C) self-esteem.
D) cognition.