Deck 11: Introduction-To-Data-Analysis

Question 1

​In terms of signal and noise,a Type II error represents a ____.

A) ​false positive
B) ​false negative
C) ​true positive
D) ​true negative

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​Hypothesis testing is a function of inferential statistics.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

​Random irrelevancies in a setting are most related to a ____.

A) ​weaker signal
B) ​lower level of noise
C) ​stronger signal
D) ​higher level of noise

Answer 3

D

Question 4

​Data transformation involves modifying data so they are more consistent with the theory.

Question 5

​Both qualitative and quantitative analyses have underlying assumptions.

Question 6

​Conclusion validity is relevant whenever you are looking at relationships between variables.

Question 7

​The probability of a type I error is equal to ____.

A) ​alpha
B) ​1 - alpha
C) ​2 * alpha
D) ​alpha / statistical power

Question 8

​Conclusion validity applies to quantitative but not qualitative research.

Question 9

​The branch of statistics that allows researchers to test their hypotheses is called ____ statistics.

A) ​causal
B) ​descriptive
C) ​inferential
D) ​deductive

Question 10

​Descriptive statistics deal with whether or not a statistically significant difference exists.

Question 11

Data analysis has important implications for conclusion validity.​

Question 12

​Data preparation involves making graphs that show the distributions of the data.

Question 13

​Data graphs are a type of ____ statistics.

A) ​causal
B) ​descriptive
C) ​inferential
D) ​deductive

Question 14

​A Type I error occurs when an effect exists,but it is not found in the research.

Question 15

​If a researcher sets alpha at .05,the probability of a Type II error ____.

A) ​= .05
B) ​= .10
C) = .95​
D) ​cannot be calculated from alpha

Question 16

​In terms of signal and noise,a Type I error represents a ____.

A) ​false positive
B) ​false negative
C) ​true positive
D) ​true negative

Question 17

​A low strength signal is associated with ____.

A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​low strength of the intervention
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random heterogeneity of respondents

Question 18

​Many statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the data are distributed normally.

Question 19

​Beryl is conducting an observational study and has trained two raters to use the rating instrument.Both of the raters drop out just after the study has begun,so Beryl has to substitute in less well-trained raters.Beryl has increased the risk of ____.

A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​low strength of the intervention
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random irrelevancies in the setting

Question 20

​If a researcher sets alpha at .05,the probability of a Type I error ____.

A) ​= .05
B) ​= .10
C) ​= .95
D) ​cannot be calculated from alpha

Question 21

​Increasing the level of significance in order to increase power results in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 22

​The ____ is commonly called the average.

A) ​mean
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Question 23

​Many statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the data are distributed ____.

A) ​normally
B) ​linearly
C) ​bivariately
D) ​randomly

Question 24

​As soon as a researcher receives data,the data should be ____.

A) ​screened for accuracy
B) ​analyzed
C) ​graphed
D) ​logged

Question 25

​Poor reliability of treatment implementation can result in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 26

​A life satisfaction scale has both positively-worded items (e.g. ,"I feel as though life is good to me")and negatively-worded items (e.g. ,"I have nothing to look forward to.").All items use a scale of 1 ("disagree strongly")to 5 ("agree strongly").In order to analyze this data,it must undergo a(n)____.

A) ​item inversion
B) ​item reversal
C) ​scale reversal
D) ​scale inversion

Question 27

​A weak intervention can result in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 28

​The ____ is the score at the middle,or 50th percentile,of a group of scores.

A) ​dispersion
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Question 29

​The ____ is the most frequently appearing score.

A) ​mean
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Question 30

​Statistical power is related to ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II error
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 31

​Robb carefully designed a study to test a method for reducing test anxiety among students.On the day he conducts his post-test,a broken water main nearby results in jack hammering and other construction sounds that are seem to be distracting research participants.Robb's ability to detect differences among his groups may have been compromised by ____.

A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​random heterogeneity of participants
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random irrelevancies in the setting

Question 32

​The ____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.

A) ​dispersion
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Question 33

​Violation of the assumptions underlying statistical tests can result in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 34

​Random heterogeneity of subjects can result in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 35

​If data on a particular variable are skewed in the positive direction,then taking the square root can make the data look closer to a normal distribution.This is referred to as data ____.

A) ​transformation
B) ​translation
C) ​imputation
D) ​substitution

Question 36

​The ____ describes each variable in the data and indicates where and how it can be accessed.

A) ​guidebook
B) ​bibliography
C) ​codebook
D) ​descriptive analysis

Question 37

Random irrelevancies in the environment can result in increased risk of ____.

A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Question 38

​The probability that a researcher will conclude there is a relationship when one does,in fact,exist is referred to as ____.

A) ​alpha
B) ​alpha inverse
C) ​statistical power
D) ​a Type III outcome

Question 39

​Alan has developed an intervention that can be used by family resource networks to provide basic child development information to high-risk families.Although he has trained at least one person from each family resource network and has excellent program documentation,he is still concerned.Specifically,Alan is probably worried about ____.

A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​random heterogeneity of participants
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random irrelevancies in the setting

Question 40

​The ____ is the spread of the scores around their average in a single sample.

A) ​dispersion
B) ​standard deviation
C) ​variance
D) ​range

Question 41

​The probability that the researcher will conclude there is a relationship when in fact there is one is referred to as statistical _______________.

Question 42

What is the median of this set of scores? 10,5,5,5,4,6,7,2,10,7,10,2,6,7,6

A) ​2
B) ​5
C) ​6
D) ​10

Question 43

​Tests to detect statistically significant differences are part of _______________ statistics.

Question 44

​Data _______________ includes developing and documenting a database that integrates all of your measures.

Question 45

​The problem known as _______________ occurs when multiple analyses are conducted and they are treated as independent.

Question 46

​The correspondence between two variables is referred to as a(n)_______________.

Question 47

​
Figure TB 11-2
​What type of graph is shown above?

A) ​histogram
B) ​bivariate
C) ​pie
D) ​line

Question 48

​If the scores on a test are normally distributed,what percentage will be within one standard deviation of the mean?

A) ​50
B) ​68
C) ​95
D) ​99

Question 49

​The automated method for checking data-entry accuracy in which data are entered once and then a second time,with the software automatically stopping each time a discrepancy is detected is referred to as the _______________ system.

Question 50

​The level of statistical significance is also called the _______________ level.

Question 51

​Which correlation is used when one variable is a continuous interval variable and the other is dichotomous?

A) ​Pearson product moment
B) ​Spearman rank order
C) ​point biserial
D) ​Tukey

Question 52

Creating graphs and computing measures of central tendency are part of _______________ statistics.

Question 53

​The written description of the data that describes each variable and indicates where and how it can be accessed is called the _______________.

Question 54

​If the scores on a test are normally distributed,what percentage will be within two standard deviations of the mean?

A) ​50
B) ​68
C) ​95
D) ​99

Question 55

​
Figure TB 11-1
​What type of graph is shown in the accompanying figure?

A) ​bar chart
B) ​bivariate
C) ​pie
D) ​line

Question 56

What is the mean of this set of scores? 4,6,7,7,9,3,10,4,2,9

A) ​4
B) ​6.5
C) ​6.1
D) ​7

Question 57

​Which correlation is used when there are two ordinal variables?

A) ​Pearson product moment
B) ​Spearman rank order
C) ​point biserial
D) ​Tukey

Question 58

What is the mode of this set of scores? 4,4,7,3,6,10,2,7,3,10,4,8,2,2,2

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​10

Question 59

What is the range of this set of scores? 10,5,5,5,4,6,7,2,10,7,10,2,6,7,6

A) ​2
B) ​6
C) ​8
D) ​9

Question 60

​A(n)_______________ is a summary of the frequency of individual values or ranges of values for a variable.

Question 61

​The _______________ is the score found at the exact middle of the set of values.

Question 62

​Identify and describe the major potential sources of noise in research.

Question 63

​The _______________ or average is probably the most commonly used method of describing central tendency.

Question 64

The ______________ is equal to the highest value is a distribution minus the lowest value.
​

Question 65

What is statistical power and how can it be increased?

Question 66

​The _______________ is the most commonly occurring value in a distribution.

Question 67

​The general term for the spread of the values around the central tendency is ______________.