Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

Evolutionary epistemology is a branch of philosophy that proposes that ideas evolve through the process of natural selection.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Elizabeth is a therapist at a residential treatment center for children and adolescents with eating disorders.She is aware that,in order for a treatment to be covered by insurance or other third-party payers,it must have a basis in research.This is commonly referred to as ____.​

A) ​data-driven decision making
B) ​managed care triage
C) ​state-of-the-art treatment
D) ​evidence-based practice

Answer 2

D

Question 3

​Dave's team has developed an intervention for use with high school students who are facing the unexpected death of a fellow student.This approach has been tested in a typical university community in the southern United States.Dave is now testing the intervention in urban areas and also has plans to test it in a number of other areas.Dave is conducting ____.

A) ​applied research
B) ​implementation research
C) ​basic research
D) ​policy research

Answer 3

B

Question 4

​The systematic effort to move research from initial discovery to practice is referred to as ____.

A) ​translational research
B) ​bench research
C) ​basic research
D) ​enterprise research

Question 5

The theoretical nature of social sciences is related to developing,exploring,or testing the ideas that social researchers have about how the world operates.

Question 6

Warren is reviewing the approaches that have been taken to the diagnosis and treatment of childhood schizophrenia over the past century.He notices that some ideas receive initial research support and become popular,generate additional research and,when not supported,seem to largely die off while others continue to be supported and become dominant in the field.This best illustrates ____.​

A) ​research synthesis
B) ​evolutionary epistemology
C) ​the research continuum
D) ​evidence-based practice

Question 7

Aware of the controversy surrounding dietary treatments for autism spectrum disorders,Rebecca identifies relevant research and then uses statistical methods to combine the results of similar studies quantitatively in order to allow general conclusions to be made.Her work is best described as ____.​

A) ​multivariate analysis
B) ​meta-analysis
C) ​literature review
D) ​systematic review

Question 8

​The degree to which conclusions reached about relationships in an experiment are reasonable is referred to as construct validity.

Question 9

Amir is aware that,at least in the laboratory,certain nutrients can help buffer research animals from the physiological damages associated with stress.He sets out to determine whether dietary supplements can do the same for people in a laboratory situation simulating real-life stresses.Amir's research is best described as ____.​

A) ​applied research
B) ​implementation research
C) ​basic research
D) ​policy research

Question 10

A positive relationship between two variables may also be referred to as an inverse relationship.​

Question 11

An independent variable is what the experimenter (or nature)manipulates.​

Question 12

Valerie's state passed a law mandating a free public pre-kindergarten education for three- and four-year-old children,although school enrollment is not mandatory until age five,with kindergarten.She is tracking the school-readiness and reading-readiness scores of all children starting kindergarten to see how the children who are enrolled in the pre-K program do in comparison to those of similar background who do not attend.Valerie is conducting ____.​

A) ​applied research
B) ​implementation research
C) ​basic research
D) ​policy research

Question 13

Relational studies are designed primarily to document what is going on or what exists.​

Question 14

Research is a type of systematic investigation that is empirical in nature and is designed to contribute to public knowledge.​

Question 15

A cross-sectional study is one that takes place at a single point in time.​

Question 16

An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction.​

Question 17

The purpose of peer review is for other researchers to exactly repeat the procedures of an experiment to see whether they get the same results.​

Question 18

Research is empirical in nature,meaning that it ____.​

A) ​is accessible to everyone
B) ​involves systematic observation
C) ​uses statistical procedures
D) ​can be replicated

Question 19

The research-practice continuum starts with ____.​

A) ​applied research
B) ​implementation research
C) ​basic research
D) ​policy research

Question 20

​Elsa periodically reviews documents on the National Institutes of Health website that describe issues the NIH wants to have addressed by researchers.Eliza is most likely looking at ____.

A) ​meta-analyses
B) ​peer reviews
C) ​evidence-based guidelines
D) ​requests for proposals

Question 21

In ____,individuals with expertise in the field critique a paper that has been submitted for publication.​

A) ​meta-analyses
B) ​peer reviews
C) ​evidence-based guidelines
D) ​requests for proposals

Question 22

Reasoning that moves from specific observations to broader generalizations is referred to as ____.​

A) ​inductive
B) ​fallacious
C) ​specious
D) ​deductive

Question 23

Social research is ____,meaning it is interested in cause and effect relationships.​

A) ​theoretical
B) ​empirical
C) ​probabilistic
D) ​causal

Question 24

A relationship in which higher levels of one variable are associated with higher levels of another is best described as ____.​

A) ​positive
B) ​negative
C) ​curvilinear
D) ​accelerated

Question 25

​
Figure TB 1-2
What type of relationship is shown in the accompanying figure?​

A) ​no relationship
B) ​negative relationship
C) ​positive relationship
D) ​curvilinear relationship

Question 26

The ____ is a specific statement of prediction that usually states what is expected to happen in a study.​

A) ​null hypothesis
B) ​predictive hypothesis
C) ​alternative hypothesis
D) ​theoretical hypothesis

Question 27

The ____ is a specific statement of prediction that usually states there is no effect of the experimental manipulation.​

A) null hypothesis​
B) ​predictive hypothesis
C) ​alternative hypothesis
D) ​theoretical hypothesis

Question 28

​Because there is often error associated with measurement and other aspects of research,social research is ____.

A) ​theoretical
B) ​empirical
C) ​probabilistic
D) ​causal

Question 29

When the attributes for a variable are such that one,and only one,is applicable at a time,the attributes are said to be ____.​

A) ​mutually exclusive
B) ​quantitative
C) ​qualitative
D) ​exhaustive

Question 30

Figure TB 1-3​
What type of relationship is shown in the accompanying figure?​

A) ​no relationship
B) ​negative relationship
C) ​positive relationship
D) ​curvilinear relationship

Question 31

When all possible answerable responses are included as possible attributes for a variable,the list of attributes is said to be ____.​

A) ​mutually exclusive
B) ​quantitative
C) ​qualitative
D) ​exhaustive

Question 32

A relationship in which higher levels of one variable are associated with lower levels of another is best described as ____.​

A) ​positive
B) ​negative
C) ​curvilinear
D) ​accelerated

Question 33

​Social research is ____,meaning that much of it is concerned with developing,exploring,or testing the ideas that social researchers have about how the world operates.

A) ​theoretical
B) ​empirical
C) ​probabilistic
D) ​causal

Question 34

What type of relationship occurs when two variables are synchronized?​

A) ​correlational
B) ​cross-sectional
C) ​causal
D) ​probabilistic

Question 35

What type of relationship occurs when two variables are synchronized and the levels of one variable affect the levels of the other?​

A) ​correlational
B) ​cross-sectional
C) ​causal
D) ​probabilistic

Question 36

​Maris wants to document the coping methods of family caregivers for individuals with Alzheimer's disease as the dementia progresses.She is conducting ____ research.

A) ​descriptive
B) ​relational
C) ​theoretical
D) ​causal

Question 37

Selah is aware that playing certain types of computer games can have an impact on mood,and she wonders whether these effects might vary with age.She recruits a group of college-age adults,a group of middle-aged adults,and a group of elderly adults to test her hypothesis.Selah's research is best described as ____.​

A) ​longitudinal
B) ​cross-sectional
C) ​repeated measures
D) ​time series

Question 38

Social research is ____,meaning it is based on observations and measurements of reality.​

A) ​theoretical
B) ​empirical
C) ​probabilistic
D) ​causal

Question 39

The "entity" being studied in research,whether a neuron,a person,a class,or a town,is best referred to as a(n)____.​

A) ​participant
B) ​unit of analysis
C) ​outcome
D) ​observational target

Question 40

​
Figure TB 1-1
What type of relationship is shown in the accompanying figure?​

A) ​no relationship
B) negative relationship​
C) ​positive relationship
D) ​curvilinear relationship

Question 41

A(n)_______________ uses statistical methods to combine the results of similar studies quantitatively in order to allow general conclusions to be made.​

Question 42

​Chloe tests an intervention for kindergartners who become upset and refuse to attend school.She has found it works well in the small rural school for her first study and is now testing it in other settings such as the suburbs and in inner-city schools.In doing so,she is addressing ____ validity.

A) ​conclusion
B) ​construct
C) ​internal
D) ​external

Question 43

Drew believes that individuals with higher levels of social anxiety will be more likely to spend more time on social media.He defines social anxiety levels as scores on a common test of social anxiety.In defining it as a test score,Drew has ____ social anxiety.​

A) ​hypothesized about
B) ​analyzed
C) ​theorized about
D) ​operationalized

Question 44

A(n)_______________ is the result of a systematic process that leads to a specific set of research-based recommendations for practice that usually includes some estimates of how strong the evidence is for each recommendation.​

Question 45

What type of validity is most concerned with whether there is a causal relationship?​

A) ​conclusion
B) ​construct
C) ​internal
D) ​external

Question 46

The central issue being addressed in a study is called the ____.​

A) ​null hypothesis
B) ​research question
C) ​theoretical construct
D) ​operationalization

Question 47

In causal studies,the interest is in the effects of some cause on one or more ____.​

A) ​treatments
B) ​constructs
C) ​operations
D) ​outcomes

Question 48

Bonita is participating in a longitudinal study that began when she was only two years old.Now in her late 20s,Bonita has undergone a series of cognitive tests every six months for more than 25 years.The study in which Bonita is participating is best described as a(n)____ study.​

A) ​repeated measures
B) ​cross sectional
C) ​time series
D) ​independent measures

Question 49

Studies designed primarily to document what is going on or what exists are called _______________ studies.​

Question 50

Reasoning that moves from the more general to the more specific is referred to as ____.​

A) ​inductive
B) fallacious​
C) ​specious
D) ​deductive

Question 51

​Top-down reasoning that works from the more general to the more specific is referred to as _______________ reasoning.

Question 52

The branch of philosophy that holds that ideas evolve through the process of natural selection is _______________.​

Question 53

​The act of translating a construct into its manifestation is called ____.

A) ​hypothesizing
B) ​statistical analysis
C) ​theorizing
D) ​operationalization

Question 54

Documents published by government agencies and some companies that describe some problem that the agency would like researchers to address are called _______________.​

Question 55

A(n)_______________ is a systematic compilation and written summary of all of the literature published in scientific journals that is related to a research topic of interest.

Question 56

What type of validity is most concerned with whether there is a relationship between the variables?​

A) ​conclusion
B) ​construct
C) ​internal
D) ​external

Question 57

​A(n)_______________ focuses on a specific question or issue and uses specific preplanned methods to identify,select,assess,and summarize the findings of multiple research studies.

Question 58

What type of validity is most concerned with whether the results can be generalized to other persons,places,and times?​

A) ​conclusion
B) ​construct
C) ​internal
D) ​external

Question 59

The _______________ is the macro-level effort to accumulate knowledge across multiple empirical systematic public research projects.​

Question 60

​A(n)_______________ hypothesis simply predicts that the experimental and control groups will differ,but does not predict the direction of the difference.

Question 61

Studies designed to determine whether one or more treatment variables affects one or more outcome variables are called _______________ studies.​

Question 62

The abstract idea or theory of what the outcome is in a cause-effect relationship you are investigating is referred to as the _______________.​

Question 63

The term used to discuss the quality of various conclusions reached based on a research project is _______________.​

Question 64

​Bruce is conducting research about family interactions and wants to include both individual-level data and family-level data.He is most likely using _______________ modeling.

Question 65

​The degree to which the conclusions in a study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times is referred to as _______________.