Deck 15: Data Exploration, Part 2: Inferential Statistics

Question 1

If you have made a mistake in your interpretation of your experiment and reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true, you have

A) Made a type I error
B) Made a type II error
C) Made a type III error
D) Applied alpha incorrectly

Answer 1

A

Question 2

If our research hypothesis is that people who take acetaminophen will experience a reduction in social pain, the statistical hypothesis is

A) The alternative hypothesis
B) The null hypothesis
C) A mathematical prediction of the effect of acetaminophen
D) Both a and b

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A ____________ is a quantity calculated from a ____________

A) Statistic; population
B) Parameter; population
C) Parameter; sample
D) Datum; sample

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The probability of committing a Type I error is

A) Equal to the standard error
B) The same as the probability of committing a Type II error
C) Usually a fairly large number
D) The same as alpha

Question 5

The _________ hypothesis covers all possible exceptions to the research hypothesis

A) Alternative
B) Theory-level
C) Null
D) Correct

Question 6

The smaller the standard error of the mean,

A) The larger the square root of the sample size
B) The smaller the square root of the sample size
C) The more difficult it is to calculate the standard deviation
D) The more difficult it is to calculate the variance

Question 7

Which of the following is the best example of empirical data?

A) The average of the distribution
B) The average reaction time was 483 miliseconds
C) 2 + 2 = 4
D) The standard deviation of the scores

Question 8

In an experiment, Alpha

A) Means that there is no danger of a Type II error
B) Means that Type I errors have been eliminated
C) Means that the alternative hypothesis is true
D) Is the probability of making a Type I error

Question 9

If you believe that social pain is reduced more in people who have taken acetaminophen than people who have not,

A) You cannot test your hypothesis
B) You should use a two-tailed hypothesis test
C) You have a directional hypothesis
D) You have a non-directional hypothesis

Question 10

The hypothesis that we are attempting to reject is the

A) Null hypothesis
B) Alternative hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Theory-level hypothesis

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of a sample?

A) All college sophomores
B) All people who live in the United States
C) Everyone who attends State University
D) 100 tosses of a pair of dice

Question 12

If you have made a mistake in your interpretation of your experiment and accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false, you have

A) Made a type I error
B) Made a type II error
C) Made a type III error
D) Applied alpha incorrectly

Question 13

The distribution of means of samples from a population is called

A) The variance
B) The standard deviation
C) The standard error of the mean
D) The sampling distribution

Question 14

Inferential statistics

A) Mainly serve to describe data
B) Are best used with skewed data
C) Allow us to draw inferences about the population from a sample
D) Allow us to draw inferences about samples from the population

Question 15

The larger the sampling size for a sampling distribution

A) The more skewed the data
B) The more the shape approaches the normal distribution
C) The less easy it is to calculate the standard error
D) The higher the variability

Question 16

Which of the following is the best example of a population?

A) 100 randomly selected people
B) All people who live in the United States
C) Twenty percent of the people at State University
D) 100 tosses of a pair of dice

Question 17

The sampling distribution has a smaller _________ than the population distribution

A) Mean
B) Standard deviation
C) Median
D) Mode

Question 18

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is called the

A) Mean
B) Variance
C) Standard error of the mean
D) Reliability estimate

Question 19

Which of the following is a theory-level hypothesis?

A) In people, social pain is processed by the brain similarly to physical pain
B) People experiencing a particular type of social pain will respond to pain relievers that reduce physical pain
C) People experiencing a particular type of social pain will not respond to pain relievers that reduce physical pain
D) People who are experiencing social pain in the lab may also have positive and negative events that occur outside the lab.

Question 20

A __________ is a quantity calculated from a ____________

A) Statistic; sample
B) Parameter; sample
C) Statistic; population
D) Datum; sample

Question 21

An experiment is conducted to investigate the effects of three different doses of a drug low, medium, high) on reaction time. The null hypothesis is that

A) The low dose leads to faster reaction times
B) The high dose leads to faster reaction times
C) There is no difference between the reaction times associated with the three doses
D) There is a difference between the reaction times associated with the three doses

Question 22

When you want to analyze an experiment with two conditions in which categorical data has been collected _______ is appropriate.

A) A Chi-Square
B) A t-test
C) A reliability index
D) An ANOVA

Question 23

If you decrease your alpha level from .05 to .01, you have

A) Also decreased the power of the test
B) Increased the probability that you will make a Type I error
C) Altered your effect size
D) Effectively decided to test more people

Question 24

A contingency table is used in calculating

A) The t-test
B) Chi-Square
C) The mean
D) ANOVA

Question 25

The statistic that compares the expected frequencies to observed frequencies is

A) The t-test
B) The mean
C) ANOVA
D) Chi-Square

Question 26

The Chi-Square statistic is used to make decisions about __________ variables

A) Quantitative
B) Continuous
C) Categorical
D) Confounded

Question 27

Effect size

A) Is the same thing as statistical significance
B) Reflects the strength of relationship between the independent and dependent variables
C) Is unrelated to statistical significance
D) Shows the relationship of a population to a sample

Question 28

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is called

A) Alpha
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power

Question 29

The greater the difference between the observed frequency and the expected frequency,

A) The higher probability of a Type I error
B) The larger the F-Statistic
C) The larger the Chi-square value
D) The higher the power of the experiment

Question 30

When you want to analyze an experiment with three conditions in which continuous data has been collected _______ is appropriate.

A) A Chi-Square
B) A t-test
C) A reliability index
D) An ANOVA

Question 31

If your experimental results show statistical significance

A) The effect of the independent variable was large
B) Then your results show a low probability of occurring due to chance.
C) The null hypothesis must be accepted
D) There is no danger of a Type I error

Question 32

A correlation of -0.82 between two variables would reflect

A) A small effect size
B) The fact that the second variable is larger than the first
C) A large effect size
D) A weak correlation

Question 33

Dr. Johns was interested in the effect of auditory noise on visual attention. She ran an experiment in which she gave people either an easy visual search task or a hard visual search task while a siren was going off and measured the reaction time. Dr. Johns could analyze her experiment using

A) A t-test
B) A Chi-Square
C) A Correlation
D) An ANOVA

Question 34

Statistical significance

A) Is the probability that an experimental result happened by chance
B) Means that there is no danger of a Type II error
C) Means that Type I errors have been eliminated
D) Means that the alternative hypothesis is true

Question 35

A corporation is concerned about the color of a new plastic toy product, and is torn between making it in pink or in blue. So the consumer psychologists at the corporation recruit a wide variety of children, show them the toy in both colors, and ask them to choose the one that they like best. How should the consumer psychologist analyze their data?

A) A Chi-Square
B) A t-test
C) A reliability index
D) An ANOVA

Question 36

If you have a correlation of 0.5 between two variables

A) It is not significant
B) It is definitely significant
C) Its significance level depends on the number of observations
D) You need post-hoc testing to determine significance.

Question 37

When you want to analyze an experiment with only two conditions in which continuous data has been collected _______ is appropriate.

A) A Chi-Square
B) A t-test
C) A reliability index
D) An ANOVA

Question 38

Cohen's d is a measure of

A) Alpha
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Effect size

Question 39

An experiment is conducted to investigate the effects of three different doses of a drug on reaction time. This experiment can be analyzed with

A) A Chi-Square
B) An ANOVA
C) A t-test
D) A reliability index

Question 40

________ was developed to make it possible to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between a number of conditions

A) Alpha
B) ANOVA
C) Power
D) Correlation

Question 41

If the null hypothesis of an experiment is true

A) The means of each of the conditions would be essentially the same
B) The variance of each of the conditions will differ from each other
C) The means of the conditions will differ from each other
D) The variability of the groups will correspond to the variability of the population

Question 42

Chance can affect the data in an experiment

A) Through the choice of statistics
B) By producing differences between the means of the conditions
C) But does not alter variability levels
D) But paradoxically reduces variability

Question 43

The sum of squares is actually

A) A measure of the variability of the data
B) The same as a Type l error
C) The same as a Type ll error
D) A measure of the validity of the data

Question 44

If the variability between conditions is larger than the variability within conditions,

A) The F-ratio will be 1
B) The F-ratio will be greater than 1
C) The experiment not statistically significant
D) At least two groups are significantly different from each other

Question 45

Dr. Bryant gave 40 people a story to read that evoked one of four emotions sad, happy, angry, neutral) then evaluated the number of words that they could remember in a short-term memory task. The degrees of freedom associated with the between-conditions variability for this experiment would be

A) 1
B) 3
C) 36
D) 39

Question 46

No matter what the design of the experiment, an ANOVA table will always contain

A) An interaction term
B) The standard deviation
C) A row in the table for each source of variance
D) A column listing the mean

Question 47

When there is no experimental effect

A) Chance affects the data in an experiment
B) The null hypothesis is not supported
C) The grand mean equals the individual means
D) The F-ratio will be 0

Question 48

All data sets contain a certain amount of

A) Variability
B) Type l error
C) Type ll error
D) Alpha

Question 49

In a one-way ANOVA

A) There is only between-group variability
B) There is only within-groups variability
C) There are only two levels to any independent variable
D) There is only one independent variable

Question 50

The value of the F-ratio obtained in an experiment is evaluated against

A) The probability of a Type II error
B) The value of the F-ratio expected to occur by chance alone
C) An estimate of the population mean
D) A control group F-ratio

Question 51

The variability in an experiment

A) Can only occur between groups
B) Can only occur within the subjects in a group
C) Can occur both between groups and within the subjects of a group
D) Indicates that a sample has been improperly selected

Question 52

The ________ statistic tests whether the means of more than two groups are equal

A) Chi-Square
B) ANOVA
C) t-test
D) Correlation

Question 53

Dr. Kurtz conducts an experiment to see if the odor of peppermint causes people to walk around a track more quickly than if they smell lavender or no odor at all. The null hypothesis would be that

A) The mean speed of the peppermint condition is the fastest of the three conditions
B) The mean speed of the no odor condition is the fastest of the three conditions
C) One of the conditions is faster than the others
D) There is no difference in the mean speeds of the three conditions

Question 54

A One-Way ANOVA means that

A) You have a unidirectional hypothesis
B) There is only one independent variable in the study
C) Your data is more susceptible to Type l error
D) You have a between groups experiment

Question 55

If you look at an ANOVA table and see the word "subjects" in one of the rows, you know

A) That the experiment entailed a mixed-model design
B) That the variance between the subjects is represented there
C) That the experiment was a between-subjects design
D) That the experiment was a within-subjects design