Deck 9: Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Question 1

The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

A) wakefulness.
B) the unconscious.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Answer 1

consciousness.

Question 2

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

A) glucose metabolism in the brain.
B) muscle tension in the body.
C) respiration rates as an index of arousal.
D) electrical activity of the brain.

Answer 2

electrical activity of the brain.

Question 3

The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as

A) consciousness.
B) hypnosis.
C) sensation.
D) perception.

Answer 3

consciousness.

Question 4

Consciousness includes awareness of

A) external events only.
B) internal sensations only.
C) self only.
D) external events, internal sensations, and self.

Question 5

During sleep, there is

A) no awareness of external stimuli.
B) no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
C) awareness of all external stimuli.
D) selective awareness of external stimuli.

Question 6

According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

A) levels of reality.
B) levels of awareness.
C) streams of awareness.
D) streams of consciousness.

Question 7

Evolutionary psychology suggests that consciousness

A) develops during adolescence.
B) develops only in highly evolved cultures.
C) must serve an unconscious purpose.
D) must serve an adaptive purpose.

Question 8

Jacob is attached to an electroencephalograph (EEG) and it is recording brain waves at 20 cycles per second. Jacob is MOST likely

A) alert and awake.
B) deeply relaxed and meditating.
C) lightly sleeping.
D) in very deep sleep.

Question 9

If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find

A) a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
B) one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
C) an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
D) an organized system of parallel thoughts.

Question 10

Which of the following statements BEST reflects current thinking regarding the evolutionary roots of consciousness?

A) Researchers generally agree that there is no plausible evolutionary explanation of consciousness.
B) The evolutionary bases of consciousness remain elusive.
C) Unobservable behaviors such as consciousness are not subject to the laws of evolution.
D) Plenty of empirical evidence exists to support the adaptive quality of consciousness.

Question 11

William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness.

A) circadian consciousness
B) flow of consciousness
C) stream of unconsciousness
D) stream of consciousness

Question 12

Consciousness includes awareness of all of the following EXCEPT

A) external events.
B) internal sensations.
C) dreams.
D) self.

Question 13

The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your

A) attention.
B) unconsciousness.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Question 14

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the

A) corpus callosum.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.

Question 15

The idea that one's consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterizes William James's concept that consciousness is

A) an incomplete picture puzzle.
B) a partially submerged iceberg.
C) a stream.
D) a flower garden.

Question 16

Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because

A) the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
B) people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
C) people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
D) the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.

Question 17

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is

A) a CT scan.
B) electroencephalograph.
C) an MRI.
D) a fMRI.

Question 18

The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is

A) gamma.
B) beta.
C) alpha.
D) delta.

Question 19

The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute their newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is

A) no awareness of external stimuli.
B) a selective awareness of external stimuli.
C) no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
D) an awareness of all external stimuli.

Question 20

The four basic EEG patterns are

A) alpha, beta, gamma, delta.
B) beta, theta, omega, gamma.
C) theta, delta, beta, omega.
D) alpha, beta, theta, delta.

Question 21

Megan is working through an extremely difficult calculus problem. If the overall electrical activity in her brain was being recorded at this time it would likely show brain waves

A) between 8 and 12 cycles per second.
B) between 4 and 7 cycles per second.
C) less than 4 cycles per second.
D) between 13 and 24 cycles per second.

Question 22

When the first astronauts travel to Mars, they will be traveling for long periods of time with no external time cues. You would predict that the circadian rhythms for these astronauts would

A) drift toward a slightly longer cycle.
B) drift toward a slightly shorter cycle.
C) stay synchronized with a 24-hour cycle.
D) become sporadic and show no definite pattern.

Question 23

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour. This change in body temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla

A) has just fallen asleep.
B) will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
C) has just woken up.
D) has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.

Question 24

Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the earth is gradually speeding up, and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 22-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to

A) follow the shortened cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 22 hours.
B) follow the old cycle and still fall asleep once every 24 hours.
C) show no consistent wake-sleep cycle.
D) develop an even longer 26-hour sleep/wake cycle.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about circadian rhythms in humans is MOST accurate?

A) Humans generally show no indication of having circadian rhythms.
B) Circadian rhythms are apparently a uniquely human development.
C) Circadian rhythms in humans tend to function on a 30-day cycle.
D) Circadian rhythms in humans actually appear to be regulated by several internal clocks.

Question 26

The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

A) dreaming.
B) deep sleep.
C) a waking state.
D) none of these states.

Question 27

Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing down, and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to

A) follow the old cycle and still fall asleep once every 24 hours.
B) show no consistent wake-sleep cycle.
C) develop an even shorter 22-hour sleep/wake cycle.
D) follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours.

Question 28

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock?

A) The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
B) The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
C) The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.
D) The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca's area.

Question 29

The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.

A) circadian
B) slow-wave
C) rem
D) subcortical

Question 30

Gunther is a news anchor who just flew from San Diego to Paris, crossing 8 time zones. Based on what is known about jet lag, Gunther will MOST likely

A) take about 4 days to adjust to the new time zone.
B) take 48 hours to adjust to the new time zone.
C) not experience any jet lag because he has flown west to east.
D) take just over a week to adjust to the new time zone.

Question 31

According to recent research, we are MOST likely to fall asleep

A) as our body temperature begins to drop.
B) when it gets dark.
C) when our body temperature stabilizes at normal.
D) as our body temperature begins to climb.

Question 32

In general, research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body temperature are

A) negatively correlated.
B) positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
C) positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
D) positively correlated.

Question 33

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax, but not fall asleep, your dominant brain wave pattern would MOST likely consist of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 34

At this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly, your dominant brain wave pattern MOST likely consists of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 35

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

A) the pineal gland
B) the pituitary gland
C) the thyroid
D) the gonads

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

A) omega
B) theta
C) alpha
D) delta

Question 37

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in

A) inducing sleep.
B) causing one to dream.
C) alpha rhythm generation.
D) resetting circadian rhythms.

Question 38

A device that monitors electrical activity of the brain over time is the

A) electroencephalograph or EEG.
B) polygraph.
C) electromyograph or EMG.
D) electrocardiograph or EKG.

Question 39

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

A) melatonin.
B) cholecystokinin.
C) serotonin.
D) phenylalanine.

Question 40

Cicadas have a biological rhythm (or internal clock) that has a cycle of

A) 24 hours.
B) 60 minutes.
C) 30 days.
D) 17 years.

Question 41

Which of the following instruments is NOT usually used to monitor sleep in the laboratory?

A) EEG
B) EMG
C) PET
D) EOG

Question 42

If you fly westward from Los Angeles to Tokyo you will cross six time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take ____ for each time zone crossed, or ____ in total to adjust to the change.

A) two-thirds of a day; four days
B) one day; six days
C) two days; twelve days
D) four hours; approximately one day

Question 43

How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?

A) one day for each time zone crossed
B) two days for each time zone crossed
C) three days
D) one week

Question 44

If you fly eastward from New York to London you will cross five time zones. The rule of thumb for jet lag readjustment suggests it will take ____ for each time zone crossed, or ____ in total to adjust to the change.

A) half a day; two and a half days
B) two days; ten days
C) one day; five days in total
D) five hours; approximately one day

Question 45

Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.

A) melatonin
B) caffeine
C) bright light
D) endorphins

Question 46

Circadian rhythms have been shown to influence all of the following EXCEPT

A) cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory.
B) emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness.
C) sleep.
D) physical functions such as body temperature and urine production.

Question 47

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

A) electromyograph
B) circadiometer
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 48

The electrooculograph measures and records

A) heart rate.
B) eye movement.
C) brain wave activity.
D) galvanic skin response.

Question 49

An electromyograph records

A) muscular activity and tension.
B) contractions of the heart.
C) brain wave activity.
D) eye movements.

Question 50

Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are

A) 90 minutes in length.
B) 24 hours in length.
C) on a monthly cycle.
D) on a seasonal cycle.

Question 51

Rotating shift workers adjust more easily to a change in the time of their shift if their new shift starts ____ and they had been on their previous shift for a relatively ____ period of time.

A) earlier; short
B) earlier; long
C) later; short
D) later; long

Question 52

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the ____ of the ____.

A) pineal gland; medulla
B) pineal gland; hypothalamus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

Question 53

Compared to employees who have set work schedules, employees who work rotating shifts get ____ sleep and ____ quality sleep.

A) more; poorer
B) more; higher
C) less; poorer
D) less; higher

Question 54

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from

A) Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
B) Minneapolis to Houston (north to south).
C) San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east).
D) Houston to Minneapolis (south to north).

Question 55

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

A) more apt; just as
B) less apt; less
C) less apt; more
D) more apt; less

Question 56

People generally fall asleep as their body temperature ____ and awaken as it ____.

A) becomes stable; starts to fluctuate
B) starts to fluctuate; becomes stable
C) begins to drop; begins to increase
D) begins to increase; begins to drop

Question 57

The evidence from numerous studies suggests that the negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if

A) the workers take melatonin at the onset of their work shift.
B) the workers are not exposed to bright light at anytime during their work week.
C) the workers take melatonin at the end of their work shift.
D) the workers have progressively later starting times and have longer periods between shift changes.

Question 58

The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that

A) melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
B) melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological clock in the wrong direction.
C) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
D) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.

Question 59

A device that records eye movements is the

A) electroencephalograph or EEG.
B) electromyograph or EMG.
C) electrooculograph or EOG.
D) electrocardiograph or EKG.

Question 60

Which hormone plays a key role in adjusting the day-night cycle?

A) melatonin
B) adrenalin
C) androgen
D) thyroxine

Question 61

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 4 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 62

Susan is a participant in a research study and will be hooked up to physiological devices while sleeping in a sleep lab for several nights. MOST likely it will take Susan ____ night(s) to adapt to sleeping in the sleep lab.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) five

Question 63

The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is

A) stage 1.
B) stage 2.
C) REM.
D) stage 4.

Question 64

The length of time it takes to fall asleep depends on an array of factors. These do NOT include

A) how long it has been since the person slept.
B) where the person is in their circadian rhythm cycle.
C) whether they live in an industrialized or non industrialized country.
D) the amount of noise in the sleep environment.

Question 65

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Alyssa's brain activity. She has just entered Stage 1 sleep when there is a sudden, loud crash in the sleep lab. It is likely that

A) the EEG will temporarily show a flat line before returning to theta waves.
B) the crash will wake Alyssa from her relatively light sleep.
C) there will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash.
D) the noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Alyssa is currently experiencing.

Question 66

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

A) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) is currently in REM sleep.
D) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.

Question 67

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 3 or 4
C) Stage 1
D) Stage 2

Question 68

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Joseph's brain activity, and the recording is currently dominated by delta waves. Unexpectedly, there is a loud crash in the sleep lab. It is likely

A) the crash will wake Joseph from his relatively light sleep.
B) there will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash.
C) the noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Joseph is currently experiencing.
D) there will be no change in the EEG, and Joseph's sleep will not be interrupted.

Question 69

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

A) minimal bodily movement.
B) regular breathing and pulse rate.
C) beta waves.
D) dreaming.

Question 70

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

A) low amplitude sleep.
B) high amplitude sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) fast-wave sleep.

Question 71

The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 4
C) REM
D) NREM

Question 72

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

A) electromyograph
B) electrooculograph
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 73

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

A) alpha waves
B) REM waves
C) theta waves
D) zeta waves

Question 74

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

A) slower; higher
B) faster; higher
C) slower; lower
D) faster; lower

Question 75

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

A) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is currently in REM sleep.

Question 76

Felicia is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

A) electromyograph
B) circadiometer
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 77

Torri has just settled down to go to sleep. Based on averages, approximately how long will it take Torri to enter stage one sleep?

A) 1 to 7 minutes
B) 7 minutes
C) 17 minutes
D) 25 minutes

Question 78

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel drowsy, and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

A) alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
B) theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
C) beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
D) beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.

Question 79

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan

A) is currently in REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 2 sleep.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.

Question 80

Which stage of sleep is characterized as a brief transitional stage during which theta waves are prominent?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 4
D) REM